The following stigma-related interventions were conducted in this state.
Community Health Worker curriculum intervention by Rajabiun et al. (2021)
Study & Intervention Summary
The intervention involves a comprehensive training program for Community Health Workers (CHWs) and their supervisors, focusing on HIV-specific content and core competency training. The program was grounded in the Popular Education model and the CHW Core Consensus Competency (C3) framework, with 80 hours of training for CHWs and 20 hours for supervisors, delivered over 1.5 years through in-person and virtual sessions. The aim was to improve CHW integration into the HIV care team, enhance skills and confidence, and improve health outcomes for people with HIV.
The HealthMpowerment intervention aims to reduce sexual risk and support community-building among young Black gay and bisexual men by providing information, resources, social support, and motivation. It also offers a space for participants to challenge stigmatizing media representations and engage in discussions about stigma and discrimination related to HIV, race, and sexuality.
The HealthMpowerment (HMP) intervention is an interactive mobile and web-based HIV prevention and care intervention for young Black men who have sex with men (YBMSM) in the United States. It aims to reduce logistical, financial, and social stigma barriers by engaging HIV-positive, negative, and status-unknown YBMSM in a supportive online community. The intervention includes three forums where participants can share experiences, an "Ask Dr. W" section for anonymous questions to a doctor, and a "Getting Real" section for sharing multimedia content. The study explores whether engaging in stigma-related discussions within these forums is associated with changes in stigma scores over time.
The aim of the article is to examine HIV disclosure practices to family and intersectional stigma among Latino sexual minority men (LSMM) of Mexican and Puerto Rican origin with HIV in the USA. The intervention aimed to identify, link, and retain these individuals in HIV care through navigation services that addressed disclosure practices and stigma management. The interventions were implemented at nine demonstration sites and included specific curricula and informal conversations to support disclosure readiness and manage stigma.
HIV self-care symptom management intervention for African American mothers by Miles et al. (2003)
Study & Intervention Summary
The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of an HIV self-care symptom management intervention for low-income African American mothers with HIV, focusing on emotional distress and health perceptions. The intervention involved six home visits by registered nurses over three months, with follow-up phone calls, to address emotional responses and educate participants about HIV and self-care strategies through cognitive reframing within a therapeutic relationship.
integrating ENGagement and Adherence Goals upon Entry (iENGAGE) (intervention stigma outcomes)
Study & Intervention Summary
The iENGAGE intervention is designed to help individuals newly entering HIV care adjust to living with HIV and improve treatment adherence and viral suppression. It consists of four face-to-face sessions over 48 weeks, tailored to improve information, motivation, and behavioral skills. The sessions include education on HIV care, skills building, and addressing barriers to treatment adherence, including HIV-related stigma. The intervention aims to reduce internalized HIV-related stigma and is evaluated in a randomized controlled trial, with a focus on how depressive symptoms and coping styles moderate its effects.
integrating ENGagement and Adherence Goals upon Entry (iENGAGE) (stigma reduction impact on HIV and mental health outcomes)
Study & Intervention Summary
The iENGAGE intervention is designed to help individuals newly entering HIV care adjust to living with HIV and improve treatment adherence and viral suppression. It consists of four face-to-face sessions over 48 weeks, tailored to improve information, motivation, and behavioral skills. The sessions include education on HIV care, skills building, and addressing barriers to treatment adherence, including HIV-related stigma. The intervention aims to reduce internalized HIV-related stigma and is evaluated in a randomized controlled trial, with a focus on how depressive symptoms and coping styles moderate its effects.
The intervention is a video titled "Maybe Someday: Voices of HIV-Positive Women," delivered via an iPod Touch device, aiming to reduce HIV-related stigma in women. It consists of vignettes addressing stigma, disclosure, and future planning. Participants watched the video at least once a week for four weeks and then as desired. The study is a mixed-methods, randomized controlled trial assessing feasibility and acceptability at 30 and 90 days.
The SPARK! program is a small grants and capacity-building initiative funded by Gilead COMPASS to address HIV-related stigma in the Southern U.S. It provided grants to 47 CBOs to implement tailored stigma-reduction programs, including traditional media campaigns, social media campaigns, workshops and trainings, and supportive services. The program targeted primarily LGBTQ+ people of color, people living with HIV, and African American populations, and was implemented from 2018 to 2021 across nine Southern states. The aim was to reduce HIV-related stigma and achieve positive outcomes with small funding amounts.
Stigma Type Addressed
Perceived
Study Population - Recipients
General (PLHIV), Other
Intervention Level
Individual - Intrapersonal (Self), Community
Intervention Setting Addressed
Community (Faith-based organizations, barber shops, etc), Individual
Stigma intervention for PLHIV experiencing homelessness diagnosed with mental health and substance use disorders by Maskay et al. (2018)
Study & Intervention Summary
The study aimed to assess changes in perceived external stigma among people living with HIV who are experiencing homelessness or unstable housing and have mental health or substance use disorders. The intervention included care coordination, navigation assistance, building trusting relationships, addressing unmet needs, and reducing barriers to care. It was delivered across six geographically diverse sites in the United States, focusing on client-centered care, inclusion, and strategies like motivational interviewing and strength-based counseling to address stigma.
The Gilead COMPASS (COMmitment to Partnership in Addressing HIV/AIDS in Southern States) Initiative
Study & Intervention Summary
The study examines the practices of community-based organizations (CBOs) in addressing HIV-related stigma in the Deep South. The Gilead COMPASS Initiative is a key intervention supporting CBOs to reduce stigma. The study identifies gaps in current efforts and suggests scaling up services, particularly in rural areas, through collaborations and innovative delivery methods like telehealth and mHealth.
Using PrEP and Doing it for Ourselves (UPDOs) Protective Styles
Study & Intervention Summary
The article reports on the preliminary results of the "Using PrEP and Doing it for Ourselves (UPDOs) Protective Styles" intervention, which aims to improve PrEP knowledge, awareness, stigma, trust, and uptake among Black cisgender women. The intervention consists of stylist training, edutainment videos, and engagement of a PrEP Navigator. It improved knowledge, awareness, and trust, and reduced interpersonal stigma, but did not significantly change perceived risk or social stigma.
The weCare intervention study is a social media intervention designed to increase HIV care engagement among young gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) and transgender women living with HIV. It uses social media platforms to provide targeted messaging to improve care engagement and viral suppression among those newly diagnosed, not linked to care, out of care, or not virally suppressed.
Stigma Type Addressed
Internalized
Study Population - Recipients
General (PLHIV), MSM, Transgender/Gender Diverse Individuals
Intervention Level
Individual - Intrapersonal (Self)
Intervention Setting Addressed
Healthcare, Community (Faith-based organizations, barber shops, etc)
As of 2025, Yes: North Carolina has a HIV criminalization law and sentencing enhancements or sex offender registration (or both) or HIV criminalization law only
HATE CRIME DATA COLLECTION LAW
no
As of 2025, No: North Carolina does not require hate crime data collection
HATE CRIMES BY YEAR
Number of Hate Crimes
0
260
280
300
320
340
290
330
294
2021
2022
2023
Years
Data view:
Individual Item
Proportion
Have you ever felt that the police refused to protect you because you have sex with men?
9%
Have you ever felt scared to be in public places because you have sex with men?
36%
Have you ever been verbally harassed and felt it was because you have sex with men?
45%
Has someone ever physically hurt you (pushed, shoved, slapped, hit, kicked, choked or otherwise physically hurt you), and do you believe any of these experiences of physical violence was/were related to the fact that you have sex with men?
38%
Have you ever been forced to have sex when you did not want to (by forced, we mean physically forced or coerced to have sex, or penetrated with an object), and do you believe any of these experiences of sexual violence were related to the fact that you have sex with men?
31%
Individual Item
Proportion
Have you ever felt excluded from family activities because you have sex with men?
34%
Have you ever felt that family members have made discriminatory remarks or gossiped about you because you have sex with men?
52%
Individual Item
Proportion
Have you ever felt afraid to go to health care services because you worry someone may treat you poorly because you have sex with men?
29%
Have you ever avoided going to health care services because you worry someone may treat you poorly because you have sex with men?
22%
8.8%
Have you ever felt that the police refused to protect you because you have sex with men?
36.3%
Have you ever felt scared to be in public places because you have sex with men?
44.7%
Have you ever been verbally harassed and felt it was because you have sex with men?
38%
Has someone ever physically hurt you (pushed, shoved, slapped, hit, kicked, choked or otherwise physically hurt you), and do you believe any of these experiences of physical violence was/were related to the fact that you have sex with men?
31.1%
Have you ever been forced to have sex when you did not want to (by forced, we mean physically forced or coerced to have sex, or penetrated with an object), and do you believe any of these experiences of sexual violence were related to the fact that you have sex with men?
34.2%
Have you ever felt excluded from family activities because you have sex with men?
52.4%
Have you ever felt that family members have made discriminatory remarks or gossiped about you because you have sex with men?
29.2%
Have you ever felt afraid to go to health care services because you worry someone may treat you poorly because you have sex with men?
22%
Have you ever avoided going to health care services because you worry someone may treat you poorly because you have sex with men?
