StigmaScope
Explore Stigma in the U.S.
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Virginia

Types of Stigma Interventions

The following stigma-related interventions were conducted in this state.

Mobile peer health messages video intervention by Winstead-Derlega et al. (2012)


Study & Intervention Summary

The study tested the feasibility and impact of using mobile media devices to present peer health messages to HIV-positive patients. Participants watched short videos on an iPod touch, covering topics like stigma, medication adherence, and disclosure. The intervention was designed to be feasible and practical in a busy clinic setting.


Stigma Type Addressed
Not Specified
Study Population - Recipients
General (PLHIV)
Intervention Level
Individual - Intrapersonal (Self)
Intervention Setting Addressed
Healthcare, Network (sexual, etc)
Article Link
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3399111/

PositiveLinks


Study & Intervention Summary

The PositiveLinks intervention is a mobile health intervention designed to improve retention in care and clinical outcomes for people living with HIV (PLWH) by addressing stigma through a secure anonymous community message board (CMB). It targets a vulnerable population in the rural southern United States, incorporates low literacy design, and includes features like medication tracking, reminders, and educational resources.


Stigma Type Addressed
Internalized, Perceived, Enacted
Study Population - Recipients
General (PLHIV)
Intervention Level
Individual - Intrapersonal (Self), Interpersonal (Family/Friends)
Intervention Setting Addressed
Network (sexual, etc), Individual
Article Link
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6153974/

Project PrIDE


Study & Intervention Summary

The aim of the article is to evaluate the effectiveness of Project PrIDE, a CDC-funded initiative aimed at expanding PrEP services for men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender persons through health department programs. The intervention involved identifying priority populations, referring them to PrEP providers, and increasing provider capacity, with a focus on health equity and addressing barriers to PrEP use.


Stigma Type Addressed
Perceived
Study Population - Recipients
MSM, Transgender/Gender Diverse Individuals, Healthcare Providers/Staff
Intervention Level
Individual - Intrapersonal (Self), Community, Organizational (healthcare, school)
Intervention Setting Addressed
Community (Faith-based organizations, barber shops, etc)
Article Link
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9730169/

Structural Stigma

HIV CRIMINALIZATION LAWS

no
As of 2025, No: Virginia doesn't have HIV criminalization law but does have HIV-specific sentencing enhancements or No HIV-specific law

HATE CRIME DATA COLLECTION LAW

yes
As of 2025, Yes: Virginia requires hate crime data collection

HATE CRIMES BY YEAR

Number of Hate Crimes
0
100
200
300
111
193
275
2021
2022
2023
Years
Data view:
Individual Item
Proportion

Have you ever felt that the police refused to protect you because you have sex with men?

8%

Have you ever felt scared to be in public places because you have sex with men?

33%

Have you ever been verbally harassed and felt it was because you have sex with men?

45%

Has someone ever physically hurt you (pushed, shoved, slapped, hit, kicked, choked or otherwise physically hurt you), and do you believe any of these experiences of physical violence was/were related to the fact that you have sex with men?

35%

Have you ever been forced to have sex when you did not want to (by forced, we mean physically forced or coerced to have sex, or penetrated with an object), and do you believe any of these experiences of sexual violence were related to the fact that you have sex with men?

30%
Individual Item
Proportion

Have you ever felt excluded from family activities because you have sex with men?

30%

Have you ever felt that family members have made discriminatory remarks or gossiped about you because you have sex with men?

49%
Individual Item
Proportion

Have you ever felt afraid to go to health care services because you worry someone may treat you poorly because you have sex with men?

26%

Have you ever avoided going to health care services because you worry someone may treat you poorly because you have sex with men?

20%
7.9%

Have you ever felt that the police refused to protect you because you have sex with men?

33.4%

Have you ever felt scared to be in public places because you have sex with men?

45%

Have you ever been verbally harassed and felt it was because you have sex with men?

34.9%

Has someone ever physically hurt you (pushed, shoved, slapped, hit, kicked, choked or otherwise physically hurt you), and do you believe any of these experiences of physical violence was/were related to the fact that you have sex with men?

30.2%

Have you ever been forced to have sex when you did not want to (by forced, we mean physically forced or coerced to have sex, or penetrated with an object), and do you believe any of these experiences of sexual violence were related to the fact that you have sex with men?

30.7%

Have you ever felt excluded from family activities because you have sex with men?

48.6%

Have you ever felt that family members have made discriminatory remarks or gossiped about you because you have sex with men?

25.9%

Have you ever felt afraid to go to health care services because you worry someone may treat you poorly because you have sex with men?

20.7%

Have you ever avoided going to health care services because you worry someone may treat you poorly because you have sex with men?

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