The following stigma-related interventions were conducted in this state.
Community Health Worker curriculum intervention by Rajabiun et al. (2021)
Study & Intervention Summary
The intervention involves a comprehensive training program for Community Health Workers (CHWs) and their supervisors, focusing on HIV-specific content and core competency training. The program was grounded in the Popular Education model and the CHW Core Consensus Competency (C3) framework, with 80 hours of training for CHWs and 20 hours for supervisors, delivered over 1.5 years through in-person and virtual sessions. The aim was to improve CHW integration into the HIV care team, enhance skills and confidence, and improve health outcomes for people with HIV.
The aim of this study was to describe the construction of the Integrated Model of Health Promotion (IMHP) for persons with HIV/AIDS and to present initial empirical support from a feasibility pilot study. The intervention involves emotional writing disclosure (EWD), where participants write about their deepest thoughts and feelings related to traumatic events, aiming to achieve cognitive reorganization, reduce stigma, and improve psychological and physical health.
Stigma Type Addressed
Internalized, Anticipated, Enacted
Study Population - Recipients
Other
Intervention Level
Individual - Intrapersonal (Self)
Intervention Setting Addressed
Individual
HIV anti-stigma university campaign by Millimet et al. (2013)
Study & Intervention Summary
The intervention was an HIV anti-stigma campaign conducted at a large liberal arts university in the southern United States. It included a month-long education campaign in the university newspaper, weekly announcements and emails, Anti-Stigma Day with a t-shirt giveaway and lecture, distribution of chocolates with messages, and business cards with HIV-related messages. The aim was to decrease social distance and stigma associated with HIV/AIDS among university students.
The aim of the article is to examine HIV disclosure practices to family and intersectional stigma among Latino sexual minority men (LSMM) of Mexican and Puerto Rican origin with HIV in the USA. The intervention aimed to identify, link, and retain these individuals in HIV care through navigation services that addressed disclosure practices and stigma management. The interventions were implemented at nine demonstration sites and included specific curricula and informal conversations to support disclosure readiness and manage stigma.
The study assesses the effects of an Mpowerment-based community-level intervention on psychosocial determinants of HIV risk behavior among young black men who have sex with men (YBMSM). The intervention aims to promote safer sex through social diffusion and HIV testing, addressing psychosocial problems like depressive symptoms and sexual stigma by empowering YBMSM and building social networks. It was conducted in Dallas and Houston, with Dallas as the initial intervention site and Houston as the comparison site, adapted to be culturally sensitive to black MSM experiences.
The aim of the article is to evaluate the effectiveness of Project PrIDE, a CDC-funded initiative aimed at expanding PrEP services for men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender persons through health department programs. The intervention involved identifying priority populations, referring them to PrEP providers, and increasing provider capacity, with a focus on health equity and addressing barriers to PrEP use.
Stigma Type Addressed
Perceived
Study Population - Recipients
MSM, Transgender/Gender Diverse Individuals, Healthcare Providers/Staff
"Salud es Cultura: ¡Protégete!" (Health Is Culture: Protect Yourself!)
Study & Intervention Summary
The intervention aimed to reduce HIV/AIDS stigma and increase HIV knowledge and risk perception among underserved Latinos in the southwestern U.S. It was led by HIV-positive and HIV-affected community health workers who delivered interactive group-based educational sessions emphasizing positive Latino cultural values and community assets. The intervention targeted 579 Latino adults in El Paso, Texas; San Ysidro, California; and Los Angeles, California, from April to June 2008.
Stigma Type Addressed
Not Specified
Study Population - Recipients
General (Everyone)
Intervention Level
Individual - Intrapersonal (Self)
Intervention Setting Addressed
Community (Faith-based organizations, barber shops, etc), Individual
The SPARK! program is a small grants and capacity-building initiative funded by Gilead COMPASS to address HIV-related stigma in the Southern U.S. It provided grants to 47 CBOs to implement tailored stigma-reduction programs, including traditional media campaigns, social media campaigns, workshops and trainings, and supportive services. The program targeted primarily LGBTQ+ people of color, people living with HIV, and African American populations, and was implemented from 2018 to 2021 across nine Southern states. The aim was to reduce HIV-related stigma and achieve positive outcomes with small funding amounts.
Stigma Type Addressed
Perceived
Study Population - Recipients
General (PLHIV), Other
Intervention Level
Individual - Intrapersonal (Self), Community
Intervention Setting Addressed
Community (Faith-based organizations, barber shops, etc), Individual
Stigma intervention for PLHIV experiencing homelessness diagnosed with mental health and substance use disorders by Maskay et al. (2018)
Study & Intervention Summary
The study aimed to assess changes in perceived external stigma among people living with HIV who are experiencing homelessness or unstable housing and have mental health or substance use disorders. The intervention included care coordination, navigation assistance, building trusting relationships, addressing unmet needs, and reducing barriers to care. It was delivered across six geographically diverse sites in the United States, focusing on client-centered care, inclusion, and strategies like motivational interviewing and strength-based counseling to address stigma.
The Gilead COMPASS (COMmitment to Partnership in Addressing HIV/AIDS in Southern States) Initiative
Study & Intervention Summary
The study examines the practices of community-based organizations (CBOs) in addressing HIV-related stigma in the Deep South. The Gilead COMPASS Initiative is a key intervention supporting CBOs to reduce stigma. The study identifies gaps in current efforts and suggests scaling up services, particularly in rural areas, through collaborations and innovative delivery methods like telehealth and mHealth.
The weCare intervention study is a social media intervention designed to increase HIV care engagement among young gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) and transgender women living with HIV. It uses social media platforms to provide targeted messaging to improve care engagement and viral suppression among those newly diagnosed, not linked to care, out of care, or not virally suppressed.
Stigma Type Addressed
Internalized
Study Population - Recipients
General (PLHIV), MSM, Transgender/Gender Diverse Individuals
Intervention Level
Individual - Intrapersonal (Self)
Intervention Setting Addressed
Healthcare, Community (Faith-based organizations, barber shops, etc)
As of 2025, No: Texas doesn't have HIV criminalization law but does have HIV-specific sentencing enhancements or No HIV-specific law
HATE CRIME DATA COLLECTION LAW
yes
As of 2025, Yes: Texas requires hate crime data collection
HATE CRIMES BY YEAR
Number of Hate Crimes
0
450
500
550
600
650
566
616
521
2021
2022
2023
Years
Data view:
Individual Item
Proportion
Have you ever felt that the police refused to protect you because you have sex with men?
10%
Have you ever felt scared to be in public places because you have sex with men?
37%
Have you ever been verbally harassed and felt it was because you have sex with men?
44%
Has someone ever physically hurt you (pushed, shoved, slapped, hit, kicked, choked or otherwise physically hurt you), and do you believe any of these experiences of physical violence was/were related to the fact that you have sex with men?
36%
Have you ever been forced to have sex when you did not want to (by forced, we mean physically forced or coerced to have sex, or penetrated with an object), and do you believe any of these experiences of sexual violence were related to the fact that you have sex with men?
33%
Individual Item
Proportion
Have you ever felt excluded from family activities because you have sex with men?
36%
Have you ever felt that family members have made discriminatory remarks or gossiped about you because you have sex with men?
50%
Individual Item
Proportion
Have you ever felt afraid to go to health care services because you worry someone may treat you poorly because you have sex with men?
29%
Have you ever avoided going to health care services because you worry someone may treat you poorly because you have sex with men?
24%
10.4%
Have you ever felt that the police refused to protect you because you have sex with men?
37.3%
Have you ever felt scared to be in public places because you have sex with men?
44.4%
Have you ever been verbally harassed and felt it was because you have sex with men?
36.1%
Has someone ever physically hurt you (pushed, shoved, slapped, hit, kicked, choked or otherwise physically hurt you), and do you believe any of these experiences of physical violence was/were related to the fact that you have sex with men?
32.8%
Have you ever been forced to have sex when you did not want to (by forced, we mean physically forced or coerced to have sex, or penetrated with an object), and do you believe any of these experiences of sexual violence were related to the fact that you have sex with men?
35.6%
Have you ever felt excluded from family activities because you have sex with men?
50.9%
Have you ever felt that family members have made discriminatory remarks or gossiped about you because you have sex with men?
29.4%
Have you ever felt afraid to go to health care services because you worry someone may treat you poorly because you have sex with men?
23.7%
Have you ever avoided going to health care services because you worry someone may treat you poorly because you have sex with men?
