StigmaScope
Explore Stigma in the U.S.
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Massachusetts

Types of Stigma Interventions

The following stigma-related interventions were conducted in this state.

African Health Cup intervention by Bova et al. (2016)


Study & Intervention Summary

The intervention summary involves using the African Health Cup (AHC), a soccer tournament, as a platform to improve HIV awareness and provide health screenings among African-born men. The AHC includes a 30-minute discussion on HIV-related topics and offers other health screenings to reduce stigma and normalize HIV testing. The study aims to understand HIV-testing attitudes, stigma, and healthcare access among participants, with findings used to improve programming and services by AFIA.


Stigma Type Addressed
Not Specified
Study Population - Recipients
General (Everyone)
Intervention Level
Individual - Intrapersonal (Self), Organizational (healthcare, school)
Intervention Setting Addressed
Healthcare, Individual
Article Link
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4442765/

HPTN 078


Study & Intervention Summary

The study aimed to enhance treatment and care for virally unsuppressed MSM living with HIV by using case management to increase viral suppression rates. The intervention involved randomizing participants into either a standard of care (SOC) arm or an enhanced case management (CM) arm, which included health education, clinical care coordination, medication adherence support, and social service assistance. The primary outcome was viral suppression.


Stigma Type Addressed
Internalized
Study Population - Recipients
MSM
Intervention Level
Individual - Intrapersonal (Self), Organizational (healthcare, school)
Intervention Setting Addressed
Community (Faith-based organizations, barber shops, etc), Individual
Article Link
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9983736/

LifeSkills for Men (LS4M)


Study & Intervention Summary

The study aimed to adapt the "LifeSkills" intervention for young transgender men who have sex with men (TMSM) and conduct a pilot evaluation. The "LifeSkills for Men" (LS4M) intervention uses a modified social ecological model and integrates sexual minority stress theory, gender affirmation, and the IMB model. It consists of four weekly small-group sessions focusing on sexual health and risk reduction. The intervention is highly acceptable and feasible, with trends suggesting improvements in mental health, reduced internalized stigma, and reduced HIV/STI-related risk behaviors.


Stigma Type Addressed
Internalized, Perceived, Enacted
Study Population - Recipients
MSM, Transgender/Gender Diverse Individuals
Intervention Level
Individual - Intrapersonal (Self), Interpersonal (Family/Friends)
Intervention Setting Addressed
Network (sexual, etc), Individual
Article Link
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4794458/

Relaxation Response Resiliency Program


Study & Intervention Summary

The study aimed to adapt and pilot test the Relaxation Response Resiliency Program (3RP) for older women with HIV (WWH). The 3RP teaches positive psychology strategies, relaxation techniques, and cognitive behavioral skills to enhance resilience by reducing stress effects. Participants attended eight or ten weekly group sessions, with the goal of refining the intervention protocol and assessment procedures based on participant feedback.


Stigma Type Addressed
Not Specified
Study Population - Recipients
General (PLHIV)
Intervention Level
Individual - Intrapersonal (Self)
Intervention Setting Addressed
Individual
Article Link
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9879572/

Sistah Powah



Stigma Type Addressed
Perceived
Study Population - Recipients
General (PLHIV)
Intervention Level
Individual - Intrapersonal (Self)
Intervention Setting Addressed
Network (sexual, etc), Individual

Structural Stigma

HIV CRIMINALIZATION LAWS

no
As of 2025, No: Massachusetts doesn't have HIV criminalization law but does have HIV-specific sentencing enhancements or No HIV-specific law

HATE CRIME DATA COLLECTION LAW

yes
As of 2025, Yes: Massachusetts requires hate crime data collection

HATE CRIMES BY YEAR

Number of Hate Crimes
0
300
400
500
600
700
464
477
630
2021
2022
2023
Years
Data view:
Individual Item
Proportion

Have you ever felt that the police refused to protect you because you have sex with men?

10%

Have you ever felt scared to be in public places because you have sex with men?

36%

Have you ever been verbally harassed and felt it was because you have sex with men?

48%

Has someone ever physically hurt you (pushed, shoved, slapped, hit, kicked, choked or otherwise physically hurt you), and do you believe any of these experiences of physical violence was/were related to the fact that you have sex with men?

37%

Have you ever been forced to have sex when you did not want to (by forced, we mean physically forced or coerced to have sex, or penetrated with an object), and do you believe any of these experiences of sexual violence were related to the fact that you have sex with men?

30%
Individual Item
Proportion

Have you ever felt excluded from family activities because you have sex with men?

30%

Have you ever felt that family members have made discriminatory remarks or gossiped about you because you have sex with men?

44%
Individual Item
Proportion

Have you ever felt afraid to go to health care services because you worry someone may treat you poorly because you have sex with men?

21%

Have you ever avoided going to health care services because you worry someone may treat you poorly because you have sex with men?

15%
9.8%

Have you ever felt that the police refused to protect you because you have sex with men?

36.3%

Have you ever felt scared to be in public places because you have sex with men?

47.7%

Have you ever been verbally harassed and felt it was because you have sex with men?

37.1%

Has someone ever physically hurt you (pushed, shoved, slapped, hit, kicked, choked or otherwise physically hurt you), and do you believe any of these experiences of physical violence was/were related to the fact that you have sex with men?

30.6%

Have you ever been forced to have sex when you did not want to (by forced, we mean physically forced or coerced to have sex, or penetrated with an object), and do you believe any of these experiences of sexual violence were related to the fact that you have sex with men?

30%

Have you ever felt excluded from family activities because you have sex with men?

44.1%

Have you ever felt that family members have made discriminatory remarks or gossiped about you because you have sex with men?

21.3%

Have you ever felt afraid to go to health care services because you worry someone may treat you poorly because you have sex with men?

15%

Have you ever avoided going to health care services because you worry someone may treat you poorly because you have sex with men?

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